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The AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty certification exam covers various topics related to ML, such as data preparation, feature engineering, model training and evaluation, deployment and implementation, and machine learning algorithms. AWS-Certified-Machine-Learning-Specialty Exam is designed to test the candidate’s ability to design and implement ML models using Amazon SageMaker, understand the core ML concepts, and select the appropriate AWS services to deploy ML solutions. Additionally, the exam also tests the candidate’s ability to optimize and tune ML models to achieve the desired outcome.

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Amazon AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty Sample Questions (Q183-Q188):

NEW QUESTION # 183
A financial services company wants to adopt Amazon SageMaker as its default data science environment. The company's data scientists run machine learning (ML) models on confidential financial data. The company is worried about data egress and wants an ML engineer to secure the environment.
Which mechanisms can the ML engineer use to control data egress from SageMaker? (Choose three.)

A. Enable network isolation for training jobs and models.
B. Restrict notebook presigned URLs to specific IPs used by the company.
C. Protect data with encryption at rest and in transit. Use AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) to manage encryption keys.
D. Use SCPs to restrict access to SageMaker.
E. Disable root access on the SageMaker notebook instances.
F. Connect to SageMaker by using a VPC interface endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink.

Answer: A,C,F

Explanation:
To control data egress from SageMaker, the ML engineer can use the following mechanisms:
* Connect to SageMaker by using a VPC interface endpoint powered by AWS PrivateLink. This allows the ML engineer to access SageMaker services and resources without exposing the traffic to the public internet. This reduces the risk of data leakage and unauthorized access1
* Enable network isolation for training jobs and models. This prevents the training jobs and models from accessing the internet or other AWS services. This ensures that the data used for training and inference is not exposed to external sources2
* Protect data with encryption at rest and in transit. Use AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) to manage encryption keys. This enables the ML engineer to encrypt the data stored in Amazon S3 buckets, SageMaker notebook instances, and SageMaker endpoints. It also allows the ML engineer to encrypt the data in transit between SageMaker and other AWS services. This helps protect the data from unauthorized access and tampering3 The other options are not effective in controlling data egress from SageMaker:
* Use SCPs to restrict access to SageMaker. SCPs are used to define the maximum permissions for an organization or organizational unit (OU) in AWS Organizations. They do not control the data egress from SageMaker, but rather the access to SageMaker itself4
* Disable root access on the SageMaker notebook instances. This prevents the users from installing additional packages or libraries on the notebook instances. It does not prevent the data from being transferred out of the notebook instances.
* Restrict notebook presigned URLs to specific IPs used by the company. This limits the access to the notebook instances from certain IP addresses. It does not prevent the data from being transferred out of the notebook instances.
References:
* 1: Amazon SageMaker Interface VPC Endpoints (AWS PrivateLink) - Amazon SageMaker
* 2: Network Isolation - Amazon SageMaker
* 3: Encrypt Data at Rest and in Transit - Amazon SageMaker
* 4: Using Service Control Policies - AWS Organizations
* : Disable Root Access - Amazon SageMaker
* : Create a Presigned Notebook Instance URL - Amazon SageMaker

NEW QUESTION # 184
A Machine Learning Specialist is creating a new natural language processing application that processes a dataset comprised of 1 million sentences The aim is to then run Word2Vec to generate embeddings of the sentences and enable different types of predictions - Here is an example from the dataset
"The quck BROWN FOX jumps over the lazy dog "
Which of the following are the operations the Specialist needs to perform to correctly sanitize and prepare the data in a repeatable manner? (Select THREE)

A. Remove stop words using an English stopword dictionary.
B. Correct the typography on "quck" to "quick."
C. Normalize all words by making the sentence lowercase
D. Tokenize the sentence into words.
E. One-hot encode all words in the sentence
F. Perform part-of-speech tagging and keep the action verb and the nouns only

Answer: A,C,D

Explanation:
To prepare the data for Word2Vec, the Specialist needs to perform some preprocessing steps that can help reduce the noise and complexity of the data, as well as improve the quality of the embeddings. Some of the common preprocessing steps for Word2Vec are:
Normalizing all words by making the sentence lowercase: This can help reduce the vocabulary size and treat words with different capitalizations as the same word. For example, "Fox" and "fox" should be considered as the same word, not two different words.
Removing stop words using an English stopword dictionary: Stop words are words that are very common and do not carry much semantic meaning, such as "the", "a", "and", etc. Removing them can help focus on the words that are more relevant and informative for the task.
Tokenizing the sentence into words: Tokenization is the process of splitting a sentence into smaller units, such as words or subwords. This is necessary for Word2Vec, as it operates on the word level and requires a list of words as input.
The other options are not necessary or appropriate for Word2Vec:
Performing part-of-speech tagging and keeping the action verb and the nouns only: Part-of-speech tagging is the process of assigning a grammatical category to each word, such as noun, verb, adjective, etc. This can be useful for some natural language processing tasks, but not for Word2Vec, as it can lose some important information and context by discarding other words.
Correcting the typography on "quck" to "quick": Typo correction can be helpful for some tasks, but not for Word2Vec, as it can introduce errors and inconsistencies in the data. For example, if the typo is intentional or part of a dialect, correcting it can change the meaning or style of the sentence. Moreover, Word2Vec can learn to handle typos and variations in spelling by learning similar embeddings for them.
One-hot encoding all words in the sentence: One-hot encoding is a way of representing words as vectors of 0s and 1s, where only one element is 1 and the rest are 0. The index of the 1 element corresponds to the word's position in the vocabulary. For example, if the vocabulary is ["cat", "dog", "fox"], then "cat" can be encoded as [1, 0, 0], "dog" as [0, 1, 0], and "fox" as [0, 0, 1]. This can be useful for some machine learning models, but not for Word2Vec, as it does not capture the semantic similarity and relationship between words. Word2Vec aims to learn dense and low-dimensional embeddings for words, where similar words have similar vectors.

NEW QUESTION # 185
A credit card company wants to identify fraudulent transactions in real time. A data scientist builds a machine learning model for this purpose. The transactional data is captured and stored in Amazon S3. The historic data is already labeled with two classes: fraud (positive) and fair transactions (negative). The data scientist removes all the missing data and builds a classifier by using the XGBoost algorithm in Amazon SageMaker.
The model produces the following results:
* True positive rate (TPR): 0.700
* False negative rate (FNR): 0.300
* True negative rate (TNR): 0.977
* False positive rate (FPR): 0.023
* Overall accuracy: 0.949
Which solution should the data scientist use to improve the performance of the model?

A. Oversample the majority class.
B. Undersample the minority class.
C. Apply the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) on the majority class in the training dataset. Retrain the model with the updated training data.
D. Apply the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) on the minority class in the training dataset. Retrain the model with the updated training data.

Answer: D

Explanation:
The solution that the data scientist should use to improve the performance of the model is to apply the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) on the minority class in the training dataset, and retrain the model with the updated training data. This solution can address the problem of class imbalance in the dataset, which can affect the model's ability to learn from the rare but important positive class (fraud).
Class imbalance is a common issue in machine learning, especially for classification tasks. It occurs when one class (usually the positive or target class) is significantly underrepresented in the dataset compared to the other class (usually the negative or non-target class). For example, in the credit card fraud detection problem, the positive class (fraud) is much less frequent than the negative class (fair transactions). This can cause the model to be biased towards the majority class, and fail to capture the characteristics and patterns of the minority class. As a result, the model may have a high overall accuracy, but a low recall or true positive rate for the minority class, which means it misses many fraudulent transactions.
SMOTE is a technique that can help mitigate the class imbalance problem by generating synthetic samples for the minority class. SMOTE works by finding the k-nearest neighbors of each minority class instance, and randomly creating new instances along the line segments connecting them. This way, SMOTE can increase the number and diversity of the minority class instances, without duplicating or losing any information. By applying SMOTE on the minority class in the training dataset, the data scientist can balance the classes and improve the model's performance on the positive class1.
The other options are either ineffective or counterproductive. Applying SMOTE on the majority class would not balance the classes, but increase the imbalance and the size of the dataset. Undersampling the minority class would reduce the number of instances available for the model to learn from, and potentially lose some important information. Oversampling the majority class would also increase the imbalance and the size of the dataset, and introduce redundancy and overfitting.
References:
* 1: SMOTE for Imbalanced Classification with Python - Machine Learning Mastery

NEW QUESTION # 186
A credit card company wants to build a credit scoring model to help predict whether a new credit card applicant will default on a credit card payment. The company has collected data from a large number of sources with thousands of raw attributes. Early experiments to train a classification model revealed that many attributes are highly correlated, the large number of features slows down the training speed significantly, and that there are some overfitting issues.
The Data Scientist on this project would like to speed up the model training time without losing a lot of information from the original dataset.
Which feature engineering technique should the Data Scientist use to meet the objectives?

A. Use an autoencoder or principal component analysis (PCA) to replace original features with new features
B. Normalize all numerical values to be between 0 and 1
C. Cluster raw data using k-means and use sample data from each cluster to build a new dataset
D. Run self-correlation on all features and remove highly correlated features

Answer: A

Explanation:
Explanation
The best feature engineering technique to speed up the model training time without losing a lot of information from the original dataset is to use an autoencoder or principal component analysis (PCA) to replace original features with new features. An autoencoder is a type of neural network that learns a compressed representation of the input data, called the latent space, by minimizing the reconstruction error between the input and the output. PCA is a statistical technique that reduces the dimensionality of the data by finding a set of orthogonal axes, called the principal components, that capture the maximum variance of the data. Both techniques can help reduce the number of features and remove the noise and redundancy in the data, which can improve the model performance and speed up the training process. References:
AWS Machine Learning Specialty Exam Guide
AWS Machine Learning Training - Dimensionality Reduction for Machine Learning AWS Machine Learning Training - Deep Learning with Amazon SageMaker

NEW QUESTION # 187
A retail company wants to combine its customer orders with the product description data from its product catalog. The structure and format of the records in each dataset is different. A data analyst tried to use a spreadsheet to combine the datasets, but the effort resulted in duplicate records and records that were not properly combined. The company needs a solution that it can use to combine similar records from the two datasets and remove any duplicates.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Create AWS Glue crawlers for reading and populating the AWS Glue Data Catalog. Use the FindMatches transform to cleanse the data.
B. Create AWS Glue crawlers for reading and populating the AWS Glue Data Catalog. Call the AWS Glue SearchTables API operation to perform a fuzzy-matching search on the two datasets, and cleanse the data accordingly.
C. Create an AWS Lake Formation custom transform. Run a transformation for matching products from the Lake Formation console to cleanse the data automatically.
D. Use an AWS Lambda function to process the data. Use two arrays to compare equal strings in the fields from the two datasets and remove any duplicates.

Answer: C

NEW QUESTION # 188
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